GIFT  OF 


I 


Fifteen  Years  Filtration  Practice 
in  Indianapolis 


H.  E.  JORDAN 


From  Proceedings  of  the  Thirteenth  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Indiana  Sanitary  and  Water  Supply  Association 


General  Statistics,  Indianapolis  Water  Company,  Page  65 


ulrT 


FIFTEEN  YEARS  FILTRATION  PRACTICE  IN 
INDIANAPOLIS. 

H.  E.  JORDAN'. 

At  the  time  that  the  experiments  on  the  purification  of  the 
Ohio  River  water  were  being  made  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  the  In- 
dianapolis Water  Company  called  into  consultation  Mr.  George 
W.  Fuller  in  reference  to  the  development  of  a  filtration  sys- 
tem. A  brief  report  was  made  by  him  in  which  it  was  sug- 
gested that  studies  comparable  to  the  Louisville  investigation 
be  carried  on  at  Indianapolis.  Allen  Hazen  made  an  extended 
report  in  July  of  1896,  recommending  slow  sand  filtration. 
Between  this  time  and  1902  practically  every  engineer  promi- 
nent in  the  water  purification  field  at  that  time  made  a  more 
or  less  extended  report  on  the  purification  of  water  from  White 
River.  The  committee  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  In- 
dianapolis Water  Company  in  April,  1902,  definitely  approved 
suggestions  looking  toward  the  construction  of  a  slow  sand 
filtration  plant  and  the  United  States  Sand  Filtration  Com- 
pany was  awarded  the  contract  for  the  construction. 

It  may  be  worth  while  in  passing  to  suggest  that  the  pe- 
riod of  1900-1902  was  one  when  purification  projects  were 
also  under  way  in  a  number  of  the  large  cities  of  the  country, 
notably  Philadelphia,  Pittsburgh  and  Washington.  The 
Washington  filtration  question  was  investigated  by  the  Corps 
of  Engineers  of  the  United  States  Army  under  the  direction 
of  Colonel  Miller,  and  while  his  recommendation  was  for  the 
construction  of  a  mechanical  type  plant,  such  opposition  de- 
veloped in  the  community  led  by  the  Medical  Association  of 
the  District  of  Columbia,  'that  the  committee  of  the  United 
States  Senate  appointed  to  investigate  the  question  overruled 
Colonel  Miller's  recommendations  and  Washington,  like  Al- 
bany, Philadelphia,  Pittsburgh  and  Indianapolis  built. a  filtra- 
tion plant  of  the  slow  sand  type.  In  all  cases  these  plants 
have  been  modified  upon  the  basis  of  experience  following 
the  actual  operation  of  the  system.  In  each  case  it  was  found 
that  while  the  system  was  able  to  handle  very  adequately  raw 
water  of  normal  conditions,  any  condition  of  overload,  espe- 
cially as  referred  to  the  amounts  of  suspended  matter,  was 
reflected  in  a  corresponding  variation  in  the  quality  of  the 
finished  product  together  with  a  very  decided  lessening  of 

437854 


the  out^nt'of  fh"(^plaiik<itfe'.to-*surface  or  sub-surface  clogging 
of  the  sand  layer. 

Due  to  the  relative  uncertainty  as  to  the  necessities  in- 
volved in  the  construction  of  a  filtration  plant  at  Indianapolis, 
the  construction  as  completed  in  1904  represented  only  the 
portion  of  the  plant  the  necessity  of  which  building  was  be- 
yond doubt.  Three  filters  were  constructed,  each  having  an 
area  of  1.6  acres.  These  were  uncovered.  The  relatively 
large  size  and  lack  of  cover  was  largely  brought  about  by  the 
desire  to  take  advantage  of  some  mechanical  method  of  re- 
moving the  soiled  surface  sand.  The  first  unit  was  completed 
and  put  in  service  on  September  23,  1904,  the  second  on  No- 
vember 10th  and  the  third  on  December  21st.  The  operation 
during  the  first  winter  indicated  beyond  question  the  necessity 
of  covering.  It  had  also  been  made  reasonably  clear  that  the 
system  of  mechanical  cleaning  which  had  been  contemplated 
would  not  be  satisfactory  and  that  units  of  the  size  then  con- 
structed were  too  large.  Accordingly,  beginning  May  30, 
1905,  the  filters  were  taken  out  of  service  in  order,  a  central 
dividing  wall  placed  in  the  unit  making  two  of  .776  acre  each 
covered  with  a  flat  slab  roof  supported  on  cast  iron  columns. 
This  reconstruction  was  completed  by  August  7,  1906.  The 
abnormal  difficulties  due  to  formation  of  ice  in  winter  were 
eliminated  and  the  division  into  smaller  units  produced  a  more 
even  amount  of  filtered  water.  During  the  year  following 
the  reconstruction  of  the  plant  an  average  of  11.7  m.  g.  of 
water  per  day  was  produced,  the  filters  operating  at  an  aver- 
age of  2.5  m.  g.  per  acre  per  day.  During  the  year  1908  the 
average  total  output  was  reduced  to  8.6  m.  g.  per  day.  It 
became  definitely  understood  by  this  time  that  the  treatment 
of  White  River  water  in  slow  sand  units  without  preliminary 
treatment  was  producing  a  considerable  deposition  of  sus- 
pended matter  in  the  entire  sand  layer  and  that  at  times  when 
the  amount  of  suspended  matter  became  quite  high  not  only 
was  a  certain  proportion  of  this  carried  through  the  filter  but 
there  was  a  masking  of  the  biological  action  within  the  sand 
layer  which  reduced  the  efficiency  of  the  unit.  Investigation 
of  the  operating  conditions  in  other  cities  of  the  country  hav- 
ing plants  of  the  same  type  indicated  that  this  difficulty  was 
not  confined  to  the  local  situation,  and  consideration  of  the 
methods  which  could  be  used  to  eliminate  the  difficulty  resulted 


in  the  determination  to  construct  a'.pr^liminar^  settling  basin 
of  a  capacity  approximating  48  hours  supply,  to  the  water 
entering  which  a  coagulant  would  be  applied  when  the  turbid- 
ity reached  a  certain  point.  The  slow  sand  filtration  plant  at 
Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  had  adopted  this  method  of  pre-treat- 
ment  some  years  before.  The  tendency  at  the  Philadelphia 
plants  was  to  resort  to  pre-filtration.  Later  developments  at 
the  Washington  plant  resulted  in  the  adoption  of  the  same 
method  of  pre-treatment  as  was  adopted  at  Indianapolis,  and 
more  recent  developments  at  Philadelphia  have  indicated  that 
even  the  pre-filtration  fails  to  protect  adequately  the  final  sand 
layer,  and  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  preliminary  coagulation  is  resorted 
to  at  times  of  high  turbidity.  Following  the  construction  of 
the  settling  ba'sin  and  the  chemical  house  a  general  cleaning 
of  the  sand  layer  was  made  and  increase  in  the  daily  output 
made  ranging  12.5  m.  g.  for  the  entire  plant  in  the  year  1909 
and  reaching  20  m.  g.  in  the  year  ending  December  31,  1913. 

PRODUCTION  SUMMARY. 

There  is  inserted  herewith  a  "Production  and  Cost  Sum- 
mary" which  gives  by  years  the  data  as  to  water  filtered  and 
total  cost  of  operation,  together  with  certain  chronological 
data  which  has  a  bearing  upon  the  productive  capacity  of  the 
plant : 


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During  the  first  five  years  of  the  operation  of  the  Indian- 
apolis filters  an  average  of  9.3  m.  g.  per  day  was  produced. 
During  the  five  years  ending  December  31,  1919,  an  average  of 
20.8  m.  g.  per  day  was  produced.  The  output  in  1919  amounted 
to  8,718,000,000  or  an  average  daily  of  23.82  m.  g.  The  first 
five  years  of  operation,  which  consisted  in  filtration  and  lab- 
oratory control  only,  cost  an  average  of  $5.28  per  m.  g.  pro- 
duced. The  five  years  operation  ending  December  31, 1919,  in- 
cluded additional  charge  for  pre-treatment  and  sterilization 
and  the  average  cost  per  million  gallons  produced  was  $4.50. 
This  expense  is  divided  as  follows : 


Laboratory 

Pre-treatment 

Filtration 

Grounds 

Total 

Labor  
Supplies  

Maintenance: 
Equipment.  . 
Build  i: 

$     .553 

.061 
.010 

$  .135 
Alum        1.395 
Chlorin. 

.050 
.035 

$1.038 
.324 

.085 
.09 

>     2ii7 

$1.933 
2.236 

.196 
135 

Total  
'-"(_  of  total  

$     .889 
!'.»  7 

%  1.867 
41  5 

%  1.537 

%  .207 
4  6 

.       $4.500 

The  improvement  in  operating  conditions  as  evidenced  by 
the  reduction  in  expense  and  increased  output  is  the  result  of 
ability  to  produce  a  larger  quantity  of  water  per  operating 
day  and  the  handling  of  a  smaller  amount  of  sand  per  million 
gallons  produced.  The  operation  of  the  slow  sand  filter  plant 
consists  essentially  of  one  item,  that  is,  the  maintenance  of 
the  sand  layer  in  a  condition  that  will  produce  the  maximum 
amount  of  purified  water  per  yard  of  material  handled.  The 
data  as  to  filter  unit  operation  is  shown  in  Table  I. 


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of  Days 
per  Run 


I 


Number  of 
Filter  Runs 


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In  the  years  preceding  the  adoption  of  the  pre-treatment 
process  the  average  number  of  days  a  filter  would  run  before 
needing  cleaning  approximated  25  and  the  average  output  per 
acre  of  sand  surface  62.5  m.  g.  At  the  close  of  these  runs  the 
removal  of  sand  necessary  to  place  the  unit  in  satisfactory 
operating  condition  for  the  succeeding  run  averaged  2.5  cubic 
yards  per  m.  g.  of  water  produced.  The  improvement  in  the 
quality  of  the  water  entering  the  filters  has  been  manifested 
during  the  past  five  years  by  an  increase  in  the  number  of  days 
run  between  cleanings  to  42.8  and  an  average  million  gallons 
produced  between  cleanings  of  from.  135  in  1915  to  247.2 
per  acre  in  1919,  and  whereas  the  average  running  rate  per 
day  in  1906,  1907  and  1908  averaged  2.5  the  running  rate  in 
1916  and  1917  was  5  m.  g.  per  acre  per  day  and  in  1919,  5.94. 
At  the  same  time  the  necessity  of  removing  2.5  yards  of  sand 
per  million  gallons  of  water  filtered,  has  been  reduced  to 
approximately  1  yard  in  1913-14-15  and  .705  yard  in  1919. 
These  results  of  the  improved  character  of  the  water  entering 
the  filters  are  of  course  intimately  correlated.  The  reduction 
in  the  amount  of  sand  handled  per  yard  is  directly  propor- 
tional to  the  amount  of  material  which  the  filter  is  compelled 
to  remove  and  the  condition  of  this  material  as  to  the  ability 
of  the  filter  to  remove  it  immediately  at  the  sand  surface  or 
fractions  of  an  inch  below.  The  reduction  in  the  amount  of 
sand  removed  also  obviously  reduces  the  amount  of  time  which 
the  filter  must  remain  out  of  service  for  cleaning  and  sand  re- 
storing purposes.  The  reduction  in  this  amount  of  lost  time 
then  increases  the  available  running  time  of  the  unit  and  the 
total  output  of  the  plant. 

Tables  II,  III  and  IV  show  for  the  life  of  the  plant  by 
months  the  total  daily  production,  daily  acre  rate  and  per  cent 
time  lost.  While  there  is  an  apparent  increase  in  the  lost  time 
during  the  past  three  years,  the  increase  is  due  to  the  stand- 
ing idle  of  filter  units  because  the  pumping  department  could 
not  store  the  water  as  it  was  filtered,  and  not  to  any  necessi- 
ties of  the  filter  plant  itself. 

Beginning  with  3  large  open  filters  in  1904,  the  results  of 
operation  as  to  quantity  produced  and  efficiency  of  operation 
fell  below  the  criterion  established  by  such  plants  as  that  at 
Lawrence,  Mass.  When  this  difficulty  was  recognized  and  the 
units  divided  and  covered  and  the  preliminary  coagulation 


8 

sedimentation  processes  added,  the  quantity  and  quality  effi- 
ciencies of  the  plant  showed  a  satisfactory  increase.  A  rate 
of  approximately  4  million  gallons  per  acre  per  day  was  at- 
tained in  1910,  an  amount  which  fully  justified  the  character 
of  the  installation,  and  which  with  satisfactory  bacterial  re- 
sults would  be  ample  return  for  the  investment  at  the  pres- 
ent time.  Improvements  in  results  did  not,  however,  cease 
with  1910.  While  the  additional  investment  by  the  company 
since  that  date  has  been  very  small,  not  only  has  there  been 
a  constantly  higher  quality  of  effluent  produced,  as  will  be 
shown,  but  the  production  per  acre  of  sand  surface  has  in- 
creased to  6  million  gallons  (Table  III).  This  would  have 
required,  in  addition  to  the  4.656  acres  now  in  use,  an  addition 
of  2.328  acres  at  a  cost  of  not  less  than  $186,000.  ($20,000 
per  million  gallons  daily  capacity.) 

SAND  HANDLING  AND  CLEANING  METHODS. 

The  methods  in  use  in  handling  sand  have  materially  aided 
the  increased  production  of  water.  When  the  plant  was  first 
put  in  service  material  was  placed  in  the  filters  by  hand,  using 
wheelbarrows,  and  the  soiled  material  was  removed  in  the 
same  fashion.  The  first  improvement  in  sand  handling  meth- 
ods was  the  adoption  of  the  sand  ejector  for  removing  mate- 
rial from  the  filter,  but  it  was  still  replaced  by  wheeling  in. 
Next  the  wheeling-in  method  was  discarded  and  the  material 
was  washed  back  into  the  filter  from  the  ejector  into  a  double 
box  arrangement  from  which  the  sand,  first  drained  of  its 
carrying  water,  was  thrown  by  hand  into  place  in  the  filter. 
There  was,  about  1908,  in  use  in  Washington  what  is  known  as 
the  washing-in  method  of  sand  restoration,  that  is,  carrying 
above  the  filter  surface  a  head  of  water  approximately  the 
depth  to  which  it  was  desired  to  restore  sand,  returning  the 
sand  to  the  filter  with  the  ejector  and  allowing  it  to  flow  from 
an  open  end  of  the  hose  suspended  at  the  end  of  the  boat,  into 
the  water  where  it  fell  to  the  sand  surface  and  piled  up  to  the 
height  desired.  While  this  method  was  used  for  several  years 
at  the  Indianapolis  plant,  it  was  discarded  because  of  the  fact 
that  it  did  not  seem  possible  to  avoid  the  formation  of  a  silt 
layer  at  the  point  where  the  old  and  new  sand  layers  joined 
and  at  the  same  time  bring  about  a  very  decided  stratifica- 


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tion  of  the  sand  dependent  upon  the  relative  specific  gravity 
of  the  various  grain  components  of  the  total  sand  layer. 

In  1914  a  modification  of  the  Nichols  washing-in  place 
method  was  adopted  and  still  is  used. 

The  changes  in  sand  handling  cost  may  be  summarized 
briefly  as  follows:  The  original  method  with  labor  costing 
from  121/2  to  15  cents  an  hour  involved  the  expenditure  of 
$1.25  per  yard  of  material  handled  for  removal,  washing  and 
replacing.  The  use  of  the  stilling  box  instead  of  the  wheeling- 
in  reduced  the  cost  to  $1.00  per  yard.  Various  improvements 
in  the  sand  handling  capacity  of  ejectors  used  and  the  wash- 
ing-in method  of  restoring  reduced  the  cost  until  in  1911  and 
1912  the  total  expenditure  was  40.5  cents  per  cubic  yard  for 
scraping,  ejecting,  washing,  replacing  and  smoothing  sand. 
Adoption  of  the  washing-in  place  method  eliminated  an  addi- 
tional handling  of  sand  outside  the  filter  unit  and  with  labor 
at  22 V^  cents  an  hour  made  the  total  cost  of  sand  handling 
25  cents  a  cubic  yard  in  1917.  In  1919,  with  labor  at  40  cents 
instead  of  22  V£,  and  decreased  efficiency  of  the  laborers,  the 
cost  increased  to  55  cents,  which  is,  however,  as  will  be  re- 
membered, lower  than  the  conditions  under  which  the  plant 
operated  originally. 

Pwemembering  the  fundamental  proposition  that  sand 
handling  is  the  key  to  the  successful  operation  of  the  slow 
sand  filtration  plant,  it  becomes  increasingly  a  matter  of  dis- 
pleasure to  the  writer  to  confess  the  relatively  small  mechan- 
ical improvements  which  have  been  made  in  this  operation. 
It  will  be  remembered  that  the  Pittsburgh  plant  installed 
equipment  built  by  the  Blaisdell  Manufacturing  Co.  for  re- 
moving and  restoring  sand.  Likewise  Wilmington,  Del.,  con- 
structed its  filtration  plant  in  such  a  way  as  to  accommodate 
the  Blaisdell  washing-in  place  machine.  Later  developments 
under  the  direction  of  Nichols  at  Philadelphia  have  resulted 
in  certain  improvements  in  the  method  of  removing  soiled 
sand  from  the  filter.  It  still  remains  necessary,  however, 
under  the  present  condition  of  labor  shortage  and  inefficiency 
to  attempt  to  increase  in  every  way  possible  the  mechanical 
methods  of  handling  sand,  and  the  chief  thing  to  be  desired 
in  the  operation  of  a  slow  sand  plant  is  a  piece  of  equipment — 
relatively  light  and  easily  movable — which  will  remove  soiled 
sand,  wash  it  and  replace  it  in  the  sand  layer. 


14 

PRELIMINARY   COAGULATION. 

The  application  of  the  coagulant  is  not  necessary  at  all 
times.  The  preliminary  coagulation  of  White  River  water 
begins  ordinarily  when  the  turbidity  is  between  30  and  40 
parts  per  million.  The  range  of  turbidity  of  the  raw  water 
throughout  the  life  of  the  plant  is  such  that  -56.1%  of  the 
time  the  turbidity  is  less  than  30.  During  the  summer  months, 
however,  coagulant  is  used  to  assist  in  algae  reduction.  The 
false  information  obtained  by  averages  is  no  more  clearly 
shown  than  in  an  analysis  of  the  range  of  raw  water  turbidity 
at  any  filtration  plant.  (See  Tables  V  and  VI.)  For  ex- 
ample, White  River  water  at  Indianapolis  averages  through- 
out all  the  years  under  record  40  parts  per  million  turbidity. 
Analyzing  these  figures  more  closely,  during  only  18.6%  of 
the  time  does  the  turbidity  exceed  50  parts  per  million,  while 
on  the  other  hand  during  39.5%  of  the  time  the  turbidity  is 
less  than  20.  On  only  2.7%  of  the  days  during  the  entire  life 
of  the  plant  has  the  turbidity  exceeded  200  parts  per  million, 
yet  the  operating  data  referred  to  previously  indicates  beyond 
question  the  cumulative  effect  of  handling  without  preliminary 
treatment  the  excess  turbidity  in  so  small  a  percentage  of 
the  total  number  of  days.  The  days  of  the  year  during  which 
coagulant  was  applied  to  the  raw  water  have  varied  from  149 
to  225,  and  the  average  pounds  per  million  of  coagulant  used 
ranged  from  118  to  275.  (See  Table  VII.) 

It  was  the  opinion  when  pre-treatment  was  first  decided 
upon  that  lime  and  iron  treatment  would  be  applicable  to  the 
local  situation.  This  opinion  was  furthered  by  the  conspicu- 
ous success  of  two  plants  nearby  which  operated  with  a  raw 
water  having  high  turbidity.  Experience  showed  that  White 
River  water  on  very  few  days  in  the  year  carries  such  char- 
acter and  quantity  of  suspended  material  as  to  make  this 
method  satisfactory,  and  on  a  great  many  days  of  the  year, 
a  relatively  slightly  turbid  water  (and  this  turbidity  largely 
colloidal)  is  not  satisfactorily  treated  except  with  Sulfate  of 
Alumina.  Tables  V  and  VI  detail  the  turbidity  of  the  raw 
and  settled  water  and  Table  VII  the  summary  as  to  use  of 
coagulant. 


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19 

In  very  condensed  form  the  range  of  raw  water  turbidity 
and  rate  of  coagulant  required  may  be  expressed  as  follows: 

II  ANY  WATER  TURBIDITY. 

Pounds  per  m.  g. 
Range  Total  Test  Days  1904-1919  ' ,  of  Time  Alum  Used 

0-  10  1154  20.7 

11-  20  1044  18.8 

21-30  926  16.6 

31-40  898  16.1  60 

41-  50  514  9.2  95 

51-100  618  11.1  180 

101-150  170  3.0  285 

151-200  98  1.8  370 

Over  200  150  2.7  450 

By  the  inclusion  of  this  table  in  this  place  it  is  not  meant 
to  indicate  that  these  amounts  are  not  necessarily  varied  from 
time  to  time.  The  temperature  of  the  raw  water,  together 
with  the  fineness  of  the  suspended  matter  therein  contained 
and  the  proportion  of  Hying  vegetable  material  all  produce 
different  effects  upon  coagulant  which  make  its  use  one  not 
capable  of  being  carried  out  by  following  the  same  set  table 
but  depending  altogether  upon  the  intelligent  and  constant 
observation  of  the  effect  of  actual  use  of  coagulant  upon  the 
particular  water  being  treated  at  the  time. 

CHLORINATION. 

The  experimental  studies  on  the  use  of  hypochlorite  of  lime 
at  Boonton,  N.  J.,  and  the  Bubbly  Creek  Plant  at  Chicago 
were  investigated  by  this  company,  and  beginning  in  July  of 
1909,  hypochlorite  of  lime  was  applied  to  the  Indianapolis 
water  supply.  The  use  of  hypochlorite  of  lime  continued  until 
May  of  1916  when  the  Wallace-Tiernan  dry  feed  chlorinator 
was  put  in  service  and  in  January  of  1920  the  dry  feed  chlor- 
inators  were  modified  to  apply  the  chlorine  in  solution  form. 
During  the  first  three  years  of  the  use  of  the  hypochlorite  of 
lime  an  average  of  3  pounds  per  million  gallons  was  used,  ex- 
pressed as  chlorine.  This  was  later  reduced  to  an  average  of 
1%  pounds  per  million  gallons  and  the  same  amount  was  used 
when  the  shift  was  made  to  the  use  of  chlorine  gas.  The 
average  quantity  has  increased  during  the  last  two  years  to 
approximately  2  pounds  per  million  gallons  due  to  a  more 
stringent  requirement  within  the  organization  as  to  the  qual- 
ity of  the  final  effluent.  Table  VIII  summarizes  the  use  of 
chlorine  products. 

3—59182 


20 


TABLE  VIII 
CHLORINATION  SUMMARY 


Date 

Million 
Gallons 
Treated 

Total 
Pounds 
Hypo-Chlorite 
Used 

Per  Cent. 
Available 
Chlorine 

Pounds 
Chlorine 
or  Equivalent 
Used 

Pounds 
Chlorine 
per  Million 
Gallons 

1909 
1910 

3.4 
3  4 

1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 
1915 
1916 
1916 

6,528.772 
6,700.000 
7,044.600 
7,306.959 
6,148.793 
2,145.769 
5  134  191 

51,853 
50,250 
33,000 
38,880 
37,861 
9,945 

33.1 
33.3 
34.4 
34.7 
34.3 
35.2 

17,170 
16,750 
11,352 
13,481 
12,986 
3,501 
8  619 

2.64 
2.5 
.61 
.85 
.11 
.64* 
68** 

1916 

7,279.960 

12,120 

67*** 

1917 

7  489  287 

14  548 

94 

1918 

8,082.482 

15,519 

9 

1919 

8,718.511 

15,228 

1.75 

*Hypo  to  May.    **Chlorine  from  May.    ***Total  for  year. 

COPPER   TREATMENT. 

During  the  summer  months  the  growth  of  micro-organisms 
in  the  raw  water,  if  not  specially  treated,  would  produce  of- 
fensive conditions  in  the  settling  basin  and  taste  in  the  filtered 
water.  The  well  known  copper  sulfate  treatment  has  become 
a  part  of  the  summer  routine  and  Table  IX  shows  the  amount 
and  period  during  each  year  that  it  is  used.  It  is  recognized 
that  copper  sulfate  is  no  more  than  a  sedative  and  that  algae 
growth  cannot  be  stopped  in  open  reservoirs  without  com- 
plete removal  of  the  half-bound  carbonic  acid  upon  which  the 
organisms  thrive.  The  theory  upon  which  the  treatment  is 
carried  on  is  simply  that  of  holding  at  a  low  figure  the  micro- 
organic  growth  until  the  water  reaches  the  covered  filters  and 
reservoirs,  when  the  absence  of  sunlight  reduces  the  difficulty 
to  a  minimum. 

TABLE  IX 
GENERAL  SUMMARY  USE  OF  COPPER  SULFATE 


Date 

Mil.  Gals. 
Treated 

Pounds 
Used 

Lbs.  per 
Mil.  Gal. 

Number  of  days 
during  months  of  — 

1911 

903.071 

3,763 

4.14 

42  —  May,  June,  July,  August. 

1912 

95.263 

494 

5.18 

5—  May. 

1913 

1,285.948 

3,010 

2.34 

60  —  April,  May,  June,  July,  August. 

1914 

570.560 

1,443 

2.78 

26—  May,  June. 

1915 

998.210 

1,480 

1.49 

50  —  August,  September,  October. 

1916 

986.730 

871 

.9 

45  —  August,  September,  October,  November. 

1917 

1,588.300 

2,046 

1.29 

67  —  July,  August,  September. 

1918 

2,455.7 

4,832 

1.97 

104  —  June,  July,  August,  September. 

1919 

2,268.20 

4,837 

2.14 

91  —  June,  July,  August,  September. 

21 

BACTERIOLOGICAL  EXAMINATIONS  SUMMARIZED. 

The  Indianapolis  Water  Company  established  one  of  the 
very  first  privately  owned  laboratories  in  connection  with  a 
water  system  in  November,  1903,  and  the  investigations  of 
the  quality  of  the  supply  as  well  as  various  technical  details 
of  laboratory  work  have  been  carried  on  continuously  since 
that  date.  From  10  to  15  thousand  samples  of  water  are  han- 
dled annually.  It  is  not  possible  to  go  into  a  complete  discus- 
sion of  details  of  the  bacteriological  content  of  the  supply. 
(Refer  to  close  of  paper  for  complete  tables  of  bacteriological 
•findings.)  The  number  of  organisms  growing  at  37°  C.  in 
the  plant  effluent  and  the  B.  Coli  content  are  sufficiently  in- 
dicative of  the  condition  of  the  water.  Daily  examinations  of 
the  plant  effluent  with  incubation  at  20°  were  carried  on  from 
the  beginning  of  the  operation  of  the  laboratory.  37°  counts 
were  not  made  continuously  until  the  year  1912.  From  that 
date  until  the  present  time  an  analysis  of  the  figures  indicates 
that  43.5%  of  the  time  the  37°  count  is  less  than  5  per  cubic 
centimeter;  33.5%  of  the  time  from  6  to  10;  17.3%  of  the  time 
from  11  to  20;  2.9%  of  the  time  from  21  to  30;  3.8%  of  the 
time  from  30  to  100 ;  with  one  day  since  the  beginning  of  the 
37°  counts  a  bacteriological  content  of  the  filter  plant  effluent 
in  excess  of  100  per  cubic  centimeter.  The  average  has  ranged 
from  5  per  c.  c.  in  1916  to  12  in  1912.  Studying  the  quality  of 
the  finished  water  as  referred  to  the  presence  of  the  Bacillus 
Coli,  during  74.5%  of  the  time  no  B.  Coli  are  found  in  100  c.  c. 
of  the  effluent,  17.9%  of  the  time  1  or  2  B.  Coli  per  100  c.  c.  are 
present,  3.5%  of  the  time  3,  4  or  5  per  100  c.  c.,  3.3%  of  the  time 
from  6  to  10  inclusive,  and  0.52%  of  the  time  more  than  10. 
The  average  B.  Coli  content  per  100  c.  c.  of  the  filter  plant 
effluent  is  0.85. 

QUALITY  OF  RAW  WATER. 

In  the  studies  of  the  total  number  of  organisms  growing 
at  37°  C.  in  the  water  in  the  various  stages  of  the  purification 
process  in  combination  with  the  studies  as  to  B.  Coli  content, 
there  are  certain  striking  characteristics  of  the  figures  from 
season  to  season  and  year  to  year  which  are  worthy  of  com- 
ment. The  first  refers  to  the  condition  of  the  White  River 
water  reaching  the  local  plant.  It  will  be  remembered  that  in 


22 

1914  certain  standards  of  water  purification  and  sewage  treat- 
ment were  laid  down  by  engineers  at  the  request  of  the  In- 
ternational Joint  Commission,  in  its  investigation  of  the  pol- 
lution of  the  Great  Lakes.  In  paragraph  4  the  statement 
was  made,  "While  present  information  does  not  permit  a  defi- 
nite limit  of  safe  loading  of  a  water  purification  plant  to  be 
established,  it  is  our  judgment  that  this  limit  is  exceeded  if 
the  annual  average  number  of  B.  Coli  in  the  water  delivered 
to  the  plant  is  higher  than  about  500  per  100  c.  c."  This  state- 
ment has  a  great  many  possibilities  of  interpretation,  not  alone 
in  the  language  used  but  with  reference  to  the  viewpoint  from 
which  this  Board  of  Engineers  was  looking  at  the  broad  ques- 
tion. They  were  not  alone  considering  the  operation  of  purifi- 
cation plants  but  the  degree  of  efficiency  to  which  sewage  puri- 
fication plants  should  operate  in  discharging  their  effluent  into 
streams  which  later  might  be  used  for  water  supply.  It  is 
the  impression  of  the  writer  that  they,  as  well  as  a  great  many 
other  persons  at  the  same  time,  had  not  had  access  to  a  large 
volume  of  figures  referring  to  the  actual  conditions  which 
water  purification  plants  had  to  meet.  It  will  be  remembered 
that  in  previous  discussions  in  this  Association  with  reference 
to  the  standards  for  water  used  on  interstate  carriers,  regret 
has  been  expressed  at  the  real  lack  of  a  mass  of  information 
as  to  the  quality  of  filtered  water  in  municipalities  where  no 
question  is  raised  as  to  quality,  and  even  at  the  present  time 
the  lack  in  uniformity  in  expression  of  results  and  in  volume 
of  work  done  is  so  great  as  to  make  real  comparisons  difficult. 
In  a  great  many  well  operated  plants  (using  the  term  well 
operated  with  reference  to  the  mechanical  conditions  and  the 
actual  quality  of  the  finished  product)  the  volume  of  labora- 
tory studies  is  not  sufficient  to  be  used  as  a  basis  of  broad  con- 
clusions. Studies  on  the  B.  Coli  content  of  White  River  have 
been  summarized  in  such  a  way  as  to  cover  the  operations  dur- 
ing the  last  five  years  (see  page  25)  and  during  that  period 
the  ranges  in  the  number  of  B.  Coli  per  100  c.  c.  have 
varied  from  695  as  a  minimum  in  September,  to  9,076  in 
March.  In  other  words,  the  minimum  B.  Coli  content  of 
White  River  at  Indianapolis  is  higher  than  the  expressed  safe 
limit  of  the  International  Joint  Commission.  This  is 
not  an  abnormal  figure  for  streams  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
United  States.  On  the  other  hand,  it  appears  very  probable 


23 

from  such  studies  as  can  be  referred  to  on  the  waters  purified 
in  the  part  of  the  country  east  of  St.  Louis  and  north  of  Wash- 
ington, that  the  B.  Coli  content  averages  as  high  or  higher 
than  this  amount. 

One  of  the  principal  objects  in  adding  such  a  mass  of  ma- 
terial to  this  discussion  has  been  to  show  as  thoroughly  as 
possible  what  results  can  be  attained  in  a  carefully  controlled 
filtration  system. 

Limitations  such  as  have  been  set  by  the  Joint  Com- 
mission are  undoubtedly  proper,  if  in  their  promulgation,  suf- 
ficient consultation  has  been  made  with  actual  results  attained, 
and  a  check  placed  upon  theoretical  considerations. 

The  operation  of  purification  plants  in  this  country  has 
been  attended  with  striking  reductions  in  typhoid  death  rates. 
The  results  for  Indianapolis  are  attached  to  this  paper.  If 
the  reduction  in  this  type  of  illness  is  to  be  attributed  to  im- 
provement in  water  supply,  as  has  been  done,  then  it  must  fol- 
low correlatively  that  the  load  these  plants  have  had  to  bear 
is  not  too  heavy  for  their  successful  operation.  Engineers 
cannot  point  to  the  success  in  reducing  water-borne  diseases 
as  an  argument  for  building  filter  plants,  and  at  the  same  time, 
set  as  the  limit  for  their  successful  operation,  a  figure,  which 
if  literally  enforced,  would  legislate  from  use  the  water  which 
these  plants  are  purifying. 

This,  incidentally,  is  not  said  for  the  purpose  of  condoning 
carelessness  in  the  treatment  of  municipal  sewage.  Observations 
make  clear  the  fact  that  municipal  sewage  is  being  discharged 
without  purification  to  such  an  extent  as  to  sensibly  increase 
the  organic  loading  of  many  streams.  Without  respect  to  the 
results  that  can  be  attained  in  purifying  such  water,  it  is  not 
equitable  that  the  plain  duty  of  sewage  purification  should  be 
neglected  with  the  result  of  increasing  the  load  that  water 
purification  plants  have  to  bear. 

SEASONAL  VARIATIONS  OF  BACTERIAL  FLORA  DUR- 
ING FILTRATION  PROCESS. 

Certain  variations  in  bacterial  flora  have  been  observed 
from  season  to  season  which  may  partly  be  local  in  their  sig- 
nificance, but  others  of  which  may  not  only  apply  to  surface 
waters  of  the  Central  States  but  to  all  such  supplies  in  tem- 
perate climates. 


24 

The  findings  as  to  20°  bacterial  growth  and  37°  bacterial 
growth  and  numbers  of  organisms  of  the  colon  group  have 
been  studied  in  detail  over  a  period  of  5  years.  This  data  is 
summarized  in  tabular  form  under  the  following  headings: 

1.  Basic  tables.     Bacteria  at  20°  C.— 37°  C.  and  Colon 
Group. 

2.  Percentage  which  37°  Count  is  of  20°  Count. 
Percentage  of  37°  organisms  which  are  of  Colon  Group. 
Percentage  of  Colon  Group  which  are  fecal  type. 

3.  Effect  of  various  steps  of  Purification  process  on  dif- 
ferent types  of  bacteria. 

The  fundamental  seasonal  variation  as  evidenced  by  the 
enumeration  of  the  total  number  of  bacteria  present,  as  well 
as  those  of  the  specific  colon  group,  is  that  of  greater  concen- 
tration of  bacterial  life  during  the  months  of  low  temperatures 
and  low  concentration  during  high  temperature  months,  or 
briefly,  a  variation  inversely  proportional  to  the  temperature. 
This  may  be  accounted  for  by  the  greater  proportion  of  de- 
struction of  micro-organisms  during  the  season  of  the  year 
when  biological  activity  is  at  its  highest.  The  bacteria  de- 
rived from  the  sewage  pollution  and  field  washings  entering 
the  streams  during  the  warm  temperature  months  are  subject 
to  the  destructive  activities  of  other  forms  of  bacterial  and 
plant  life,  whereas  these  agencies  being  absent  or  inactive  dur- 
ing the  winter  months  tends  to  prolong  the  existence  of  bac- 
teria derived  from  external  polluting  sources. 

Following  the  water  through  the  various  steps  of  the  filtra- 
tion process  there  is  a  lessening  of  the  seasonal  variation,  the 
filtered  water  showing  a  less  variation  between  the  bacterial 
concentration  of  the  summer  and  winter  months  than  is  the 
case  with  the  raw  water.  A  slight  reversal  of  this  condition 
occurs  in  the  sterilized  effluent,  where  the  variations  again  be- 
come somewhat  greater. 

A  comparison  of  the  total  number  of  bacteria  as  evidenced 
by  counts  made  after  incubation  at  20°  C.  and  37°  C.,  ex- 
pressed in  the  percentage  which  the  37°  count  is  of  the  20° 
count,  shows  that  the  blood  temperature  organisms  form  their 
lowest  proportion  of  the  total  bacterial  flora  during  the  cold 
winter  months,  the  minimum  being  25%  during  February. 
They  reach  their  maximum  proportion  of  the  20°  organisms 


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during  the  month  of  August,  88%.  The  same  variation  or 
ratio  between  20°  and  37°  organisms  holds  true  in  water  after 
settling,  filtration  and  sterilization,  except  that  as  each  step 
improves  the  sanitary  quality  of  the  water  the  37°  propor- 
tion is  lowered  during  the  cold  months  and  equals  or  becomes 
greater  than  the  20°  count  during  the  summer  months.  Study- 
ing the  37°  organisms  and  the  proportion  of  these  which  are 
organisms  of  the  colon  type,  it  is  noted  that  the  percentage  of 
B.  Coli  is  highest  during  the  cold  weather  months  with  an 
average  of  3.1%  of  the  37°  organisms  conforming  to  the  test 
for  the  colon  group,  the  maximum  in  any  month  is  8.9%  in 
November  and  1.4%  minimum  in  June.  The  coagulation  and 
settling  process  alone  reduces  the  average  percentage  of  or- 
ganisms of  the  colon  type  from  3.1%  to  1.5%  with  variations 
from  a  minimum  of  .2%  in  the  month  of  August  to  4%  in  No- 
vember. In  the  filtered  water,  with  a  seasonal  average  of 
1.6%  of  the  37°  organisms  B.  Coli,  the  variation  is  from  a 
minimum  of  .07%  in  August  to  4.4%  in  January.  The  steril- 
ization process  produces  a  remarkable  reduction  of  the  or- 
ganisms of  the  colon  type  as  expressed  in  this  percentage  ratio. 
With  an  average  of  .1%  of  the  37°  organisms  B.  Coli  through- 
out the  year,  the  maximum  is  .17%  in  December  and  the  mini- 
mum .05  for  February  and  March  and  .06  in  July  and  Sep- 
tember. The  minimum  of  .05  for  February  and  March  in- 
dicates either  a  failure  of  conformance  to  any  seasonal  varia- 
tion on  the  part  of  the  efficiency  of  chlorine  or  an  elimination 
due  to  the  use  of  a  large  amount  of  coagulant  during  these 
months.  The  latter  is  more  probably  the  reason.  The  reduc- 
tion of  organisms  of  the  colon  group  by  the  sterilization  process 
is  so  great  as  to  indicate  a  practical  selective  action  against 
this  type  of  bacteria. 

Another  series  of  examinations  of  the  filtered  and  sterilized 
water  has  shown  that  approximately  25%  of  the  filtered  water 
organisms  are  spore  formers,  whereas  75%  of  the  sterilized 
water  organisms  are  spore  formers.  Taking  this  in  combina- 
tion with  the  number  of  B.  Coli  present,  the  selective  action 
due  to  sterilization  may  be  shown  in  the  following  manner: 
Of  1,000  organisms  in  the  filtered  water  250  will  be  spore 
formers  and  16  organisms  of  the  colon  type.  Of  1,000  or- 
ganisms in  the  sterilized  water  750  will  be  spore  formers  and 
one  will  be  of  the  colon  type.  Of  the  nonspore  forming  or- 


29 

ganisms  then  in  the  filter  effluent  2.16%  are  Coli  type,  while 
in  the  sterilized  water  only  .  I f '?  are  such,  a  5  to  1  reduction. 

A  study  has  been  made  over  a  period  of  three  years  of  the 
organisms  of  the  Colon  Aerogenes  Group  which  are  of  the 
fecal  type,  that  is,  having  a  positive  reaction  to  Methyl 
Red.  In  the  raw  water  there  seems  to  be  no  sea- 
sonal variation,  the  minimum  being  46%  in  August  and  the 
maximum  79 %  in  May,  that  is,  46%  of  the  total  number  of 
completed  B.  Coli  were  of  the  fecal  type.  The  steps  in  the 
filtration  process,  however,  develop  an  elimination  which  by  the 
time  that  the  sterilization  process  has  been  completed  has  a  de- 
cidedly seasonal  variation,  the  Methyl  Red  positive  organisms 
reaching  their  minimum  percentage  during  the  warm  months 
and  their  maximum  in  the  cold  months.  In  other  words,  the 
survival  of  fecal  B.  Coli  is  less  likely  during  the  season  of  the 
year  when  biological  activity  is  at  its  highest. 

Studying  the  reduction  by  the  various  steps  in  the  purifica- 
tion process  it  will  be  noted  that  the  reduction  by  settling  and 
partial  coagulation  is  lowest  during  the  winter  months  and 
highest  in  summer.  The  same  is  true  of  the  filtration  step  ex- 
cept that  the  variations  from  season  to  season  are  less.  The 
irregularity  of  percentage  reduction  by  sterilization  process 
would  indicate  that  there  is  no  seasonal  factor  in  the  efficiency 
of  chlorination.  Studying  the  percentage  reduction  by  the 
entire  filtration  process,  it  is  beyond  question  the  fact  that 
organisms  of  the  colon  type  are  less  likely  to  survive  filtration 
and  sterilization  than  is  either  the  low  temperature  group  as 
evidenced  by  the  20°  or  the  blood  temperature  group  as  evi- 
denced by  the  37°  count. 

CONCLUSION. 

1.  Bacterial  concentration  in  streams  and  partially  puri- 
fied water  is  inversely  proportional  to  the  temperature. 

2.  The  proportion  of  all  organisms,  which  are  of  the  gen- 
eral colon  type,  is  likewise  inversely  proportional  to  the  tem- 
perature. 

3.  Both  settling  and  filtration  exercise  a  selective  action 
against  organisms  of  the  Colon  type,  and  sterilization  with 
chlorine  products  exercises  a  remarkably  increased  selective 
action  against  these  organisms. 

4.  Of  the  total  number  of  Coli  type  organisms  present,  the 


30 

Methyl  Red  positive  or  so-called  fecal  type  survive  the  purifi- 
cation processes,  step  by  step,  in  increasingly  less  proportion 
as  the  temperature  rises. 


REDUCTION  OF  TYPHOID  FEVER  RATE. 

The  installation  of  water  purification  plants  assists  in  re- 
ducing materially  both  general  and  typhoid  death  rates.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  the  Mills-Reincke  phenomenon,  so-called,  indi- 
cates that  elimination  of  intestinal  disorders  results  in  mate- 
rial reduction  in  various  other  seemingly  dissociated  death 
rates. 

As  a  corollary  to  the  laboratory  data  presented  in  this  dis- 
cussion, it  is  worth  while  to  note  the  data  as  to  general  and 
typhoid  death  rates  in  Indianapolis  since  1891. 

Previous  to  the  installation  of  the  filtration  plant,  the  ty- 
phoid death  rate  was  high,  reaching  epidemic  amounts  in  1893, 
1895  and  1904.  The  average  for  all  years  was  51.8. 

After  the  plant  was  placed  in  operation,  the  reduction  in 
rates  proceeded  slowly,  but  finally  to  a  very  satisfactory  rate 
in  1918  and  1919.  In  1916  there  was  a  decided  rise  in  typhoid 
deaths,  summer  typhoid  associated  with  swimming  in  polluted 
streams.  The  general  average  typhoid  rate  since  1905  has 
been  22,  a  reduction  to  43%  of  the  pre-filtration  days. 

In  1904,  when  there  was  an  investigation  of  the  water 
supply  and  general  sanitary  conditions  in  Indianapolis,  in  addi- 
tion to  recognizing  the  necessity  of  completing  the  filtration 
plant  already  under  construction,  it  was  recommended  that 
the  large  number  of  private  wells  and  unsanitary  privies  be 
eliminated.  Repeatedly  since  that  time  various  individuals 
have  urged,  that  the  same  action  be  taken,  but  no  result  has 
obtained. 

Studies  of  typhoid  cases  over  a  period  of  years  locates  over 
80%  of  the  total  as  occurring  where  a  private  well  or  privy  or 
both  are  used.  If  Indianapolis  performed  its  duty  in  improv- 
ing sanitary  conditions  as  well  as  the  Indianapolis  Water  Com- 
pany has  fulfilled  its  duty  to  the  public  the  typhoid  death  rate 
would  be  less  than  1  per  100,000. 

The  factors  which  appear  to  have  operated  to  reduce  ty- 
phoid are  in  order: 


31 


1.  Purification  of  the  city  water  supply. 

2.  Houses  in  newly  built  up  areas  equipped    with    city 
water  and  sanitary  plumbing. 

3.  Anti-typhoid  vaccination. 

SUMMARY  GENERAL  ANT)  TYPHOID  DEATH   KATES 
1891—1919  Inclusi%-e 


Total  Deaths 

Death  Rate 

Year 

Population 

All 
Causes 

Typhoid 
Fever 

All 
Causes 
per  1,000 

Typhoid 
Fever 
per  100,000 

Deaths 
Which  are 
Typhoid 

1890 

105  436 

1891 

111,800 

2,128 

34 

19 

30.4 

1.6 

1892 

118,200 

1,985 

54 

16.8 

45.6 

2.7 

1893 

124,500 

2,070 

110 

16.6 

88.4 

5.3 

1894 

130,900 

1,834 

56 

14 

42.7 

3.1 

1895 

137,300 

2,237 

140 

16.3 

101.8 

6.2 

1896 

143,700 

2,057 

75 

14.3 

52.1 

3.7 

1897 

150,000 

2,111 

62 

14.1 

41.3 

2.9 

1893 

156,400 

14.4 

35.2 

2.4 

1899 

162,800 

2,388 

74 

14.7 

45.5 

3.1 

1900 

169,164 

2,626 

74 

15.5 

43.8 

2.8 

1901 

175,700 

59 

14.2 

33.6 

2.4 

1902 

182,200 

2,492 

76 

13.7 

41.7 

3. 

1903 

188,600 

2,790 

93 

14.8 

49.2 

3.3 

1904 

195,000 

3,194 

143 

16.4 

73.3 

4.6 

1905 

201,300 

3,081 

71 

15.2 

35.3 

2.3 

1906 

207,900 

2,975 

70 

14.3 

33.7 

2.3 

1907 

214,400 

3,163 

62 

14.8 

28.9 

2. 

1908 

220,700 

2,907 

60 

13.2 

27.2 

2.1 

1909 

227,200 

3,041 

47 

13.4 

20.7 

.5 

1910 

233,650 

4,039 

67 

17.3 

28.6 

.7 

1911 

241,750 

3,920 

63 

16.3 

26.2 

.6 

1912 

248,700 

3,739 

45 

15.1 

18.2 

.2 

1913 

255,000 

3,906 

61 

15.4 

23.9 

.6 

1914 

262,500 

4,136 

69 

15.7 

26.3 

.7 

1915 

270,000 

3,907 

37 

14.4 

13.7 

.9 

1916 

278,000 

4,323 

71 

15.5 

25.5 

1.6 

1917 

286,250 

4,587 

31 

16.0 

10.8 

.7 

1918 

295,000 

5,273 

19 

17.8 

6.4 

.36 

1919 

304,000 

4,137 

14 

13.6 

4.6 

.34 

Average.    1891—1904  before  filtration,  51.8. 

Average.    1905—1919  after  filtration,  22  .  0  . 

These  figures  as  to  typhoid  death  rates  are  presented  as 
associate  studies  with  the  laboratory  findings  on  the  public 
water  supply. 

The  data  as  to  B.  Coli  and  total  bacterial  content,  as  well 
as  the  discussions  on  the  quality  of  the  raw  water  and  the 
ability  to  purify  it,  are  presented  and  made  on  the  basis  that 
the  water  supply,  as  a  source  of  water-borne  diseases,  was 
eliminated  when  the  filter  plant  was  placed  in  operation. 

GENERAL  SUMMARY. 

The  results  of  operation  from  a  standpoint  of  quality  of 
supply,  and  the  studies  in  the  cost  of  operation  make  it  possi- 
ble to  summarize  the  experiences  with  a  modified  slow  sand 
filtration  plant  briefly  as  follows : 


32 

The  prime  requirement  of  successful  operation  of  slow 
sand  filters  is  a  proper  condition  of  the  sand  layer.  Operating 
in  favor  of  this  is  the  increased  size  of  the  particles  applied 
in  a  pre-treated  water,  as  well  as  reduced  total  suspended  mat- 
ter. Operating  against  the  condition  of  the  sand  layer  are  two 
main  factors.  The  first  is  the  summer  increase  in  micro-org- 
anisms which  is  becoming  a  far  more  important  factor  in 
water  purification  in  the  Central  West  than  is  generally  recog- 
nized. This  difficulty  is  also  a  means  of  interfering  with  sat- 
isfactory operation  of  rapid  sand  filters.  The  second  is 
"air-binding."  In  slow  sand  filters  during  the  winter  months 
there  may  be  a  very  considerable  reduction  of  output  due  to 
the  occlusion  of  air  within  the  sand  layer,  commonly  termed 
air-binding."  In  slow  sand  filters  during  the  winter  months 
minimum  temperature  the  capacity  for  solution  of  oxygen  is 
at  its  highest.  Very  small  changes  in  temperature  or  physical 
condition  seem  to  throw  a  portion  of  this  out  of  solution  and 
this  is  particularly  manifested  in  filter  sand  layers  where  at 
times  during  the  cold  months  a  very  material  restriction  to  the 
actual  flow  capacity  of  the  filter  unit  may  be  occasioned  by  the 
inclusion  of  air  bubbles  between  the  grains  of  sand.  This  may 
manifest  itself  in  a  spongy  consistency  of  the  sand  layer  quite 
comparable  to  quicksand  when  the  water  is  drained  off,  and  is 
also  evidenced  by  small  craters  or  rosettes,  as  it  may  be 
termed,  of  sand,  scattered  indiscriminately  over  the  surface 
where  the  air  has  gathered  in  large  particles  and  forced  its 
way  to  the  surface.  This  problem  has  been  the  source  of  very 
serious  difficulties,  notably  in  the  case  of  the  Wilmington,  Del., 
plant,  and  represents  at  the  present  time  one  factor  in  the 
operation  of  all  filtration  plants,  but  notably  slow  sand  units, 
likely  to  give  difficulty  during  the  cold  weather. 

The  operation  of  slow  sand  filter  plants,  while  it  has  ex- 
tended over  a  great  many  years,  has  not  been  the  subject  of 
such  careful  study  in  this  country  as  have  the  operations  of 
mechanical  filter  plants.  The  best  summary  of  the  basic  rules 
of  slow  sand  filtration  of  water  was  made  by  George  W.  Fuller 
at  the  Lawrence  Experiment  Station  at  Lawrence,  Mass.,  in 
1894.  These  fundamentals  may  be  briefly  re-stated  as  follows : 

1.  Bacterial  efficiency  of  slow  sand  filters  increases  with 
age,  other  conditions  being  equal. 

2.  New  filter  sand  is  quite  unlike  that  taken  from  filters 


which  have  been  in  operation  for  same  time.  The  grains  of 
the  latter  are  covered  with  a  sticky  coating;  in  the  case  of 
grains  situated  at  or  just  below  the  upper  surface  layer  of  sand 
this  coating  is  so  thick  that  the  grains  are  considerably  dis- 
colored. Here  it  is  that  the  applied  bacteria  are  detained  in 
the  largest  numbers. 

"3.  In  new  filters,  and  in  old  filters  which  have  been  out 
of  operation  for  a  considerable  period,  normal  bacterial  results 
do  not  appear  to  be  obtained  until  these  films  are  formed. 

"4.  In  old  filters  which  are  in  regular  operation,  and 
which  yield  normal  chemical  and  bacterial  results,  a  marked 
deterioration  in  these  results  occurs  when  for  any  reason 
these  is  a  well-defined  mechanical  disturbance  of  the  main 
body  of  sand,  whereby  the  continuity  of  the  films  is  broken  to 
a  certain  degree."  *  *  * 

"5.  Low  rates  are  undoubtedly  safer  than  high  rates ;  but, 
nevertheless,  up  to  ascertain  limit  the  rate  apparently  exerts 
very  little  influence,  and  this  limit  is  different  for  different 
filters  and  varies  with  other  conditions  in  the  case  of  the  same 
filter."  *  *  * 

"6.  With  our  present  knowledge  it  may  be  stated  that  the 
factor  which  causes  the  effect  of  the  rate  of  filtration  upon 
bacterial  efficiency  to  become  practically  nil,  under  normal 
conditions,  is  chiefly  the  age  of  the  filter." 

In  the  operation  of  the  Indianapolis  plant,  the  studies 
made  during  the  fifteen  years  make  it  possible  to  add  to  these 
observations  the  following: 

The  pre-treatment  by  coagulant  of  a  water  supplied  to 
slow  sand  filters  results  in  the  grouping  together  of  the  sus- 
pended particles  in  fairly  large  aggregates  which  substitute 
in  a  measure  for  the  sticky  coating  of  the  surface  layer.  The 
bacterial  content  of  a  sand  layer  filtering  pre-treated  water 
is  not  so  high  in  total  numbers  nor  so  active  as  in  the  case  of 
a  filter  handling  untreated  influent. 

The  bacterial  efficiency  of  filters  operating  in  this  fashion 
is  less  than  that  of  filters  operating  with  an  untreated  influ- 
ent. The  removal  of  organic  material  from  the  water  to  be 
filtered  lessens  the  supply  of  material  to  be  deposited  in  the 
filters,  and  at  the  same  time  interferes  with  certain  biological 
processes  which  are  more  active  in  the  plain  type. 


34 

Slow  sand  filters  operating  with  a  pre-treated  water  are 
more  susceptible  to  seasonal  variations  of  bacterial  flora,  both 
in  the  influent  water  and  in  the  sand  layer,  and  may  at  times 
unload  somewhat  in  the  fashion  of  sewage  filters.  This  un- 
loading process  has  no  relation  to  the  quality  of  raw  water, 
and  with  a  sterilization  treatment  following  is  not  apparent  in 
the  finished  product. 

Shutting  off  units  and  allowing  them  to  stand  for  twenty- 
four  to  forty-eight  hours  does  not  seem  to  interfere  with 
efficiency  in  production  of  bacterial  reduction.  Continuation 
of  this,  however,  for  a  week  or  more  seems  to  result  in  the 
deposition  of  material  within  the  upper  sand  layer  which  ma- 
terially reduces  the  production  of  the  filter  unit  on  the  ensuing 
run. 

Variations  in  depth  of  sand  layer  from  eight  to  thirty 
inches  have  been  allowed  to  exist  on  the  local  plant,  and  the 
results  of  operation  indicate  that  the  thinner  layers  give  no 
less  satisfactory  bacterial  purification.  In  point  of  ease  of 
handling  the  filter  unit,  the  thinner  layer  is  preferable. 

CONCLUSION. 

The  operation  of  the  Indianapolis  filtration  plant  was,  in 
its  earlier  years,  attended  with  some  difficulty,  which  by  the 
covering  and  dividing  of  the  filters  in  1905  and  1906  and  the 
adoption  of  the  preliminary  coagulation  and  settling  process 
in  1908,  has  been  eliminated,  with  the  result  that  water  of 
excellent  quality  is  being  produced  at  a  normal  cost.  The  in- 
stallation has  justified  itself.  Also  has  the  amount  of  techni- 
cal control  justified  itself.  In  November,  1903,  the  Company 
established  its  laboratory,  the  operation  of  which  has  been 
continuous  and  increasing  in  volume.  It  has  been  the  settled 
policy  of  the  entire  organization  to  leave  nothing  undone 
which  would  satisfy  all  persons  concerned  as  to  the  quality  of 
the  supply.  It  is  proper  in  this  connection  that  appreciation 
should  be  expressed  to  the  officers  of  the  organization  who 
have  co-operated  in  all  things  looking  toward  the  successful 
operation  of  the  filtration  system.  It  is  also  proper  to  express 
appreciation  of  the  fine  spirit  of  service,  of  Mr.  C.  K.  Calvert 
who,  since  1908,  has  been  the  chemist  at  the  filtration  plant. 


35 


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56 


BACILLUS  COLI  COMMUNIS 

Number  of  days  on  which  there  occurred  various  numbers  per  100  C.  C. 
RAW  WATER 


Date 

50 

51-100 

101-500 

501- 
1,000 

1,001- 
5,000 

Over 
5,000 

Total 
Test 
Days 

Average 
B.  Coli 
per  lOOc.c. 

Bacteria 
per  c.  c. 

37° 

1915 
Jan. 

0 

4 

12 

5 

4 

1 

26 

996 

263 

Feb  
March 

0 
25 

1 

11 

4 

6 

2 

24 
25 

1,746 
18 

355 
40 

April 

22 

4 

26 

54 

41 

May 

7 

2 

10 

3 

3 

j 

26 

.    1,237 

148 

June  
July  
Aug  
Sept  
Oct  
Nov  
Dec 

0 
0 
0 

'"a"' 

2 
5 

2 
2 
0 
12 
14 
6 
1 

10 
8 
11 
13 
6 
9 
10 

1 
3 
2 
1 
2 
4 
3 

12 
13 
12 
....... 

4 
5 

1 
1 
1 

'"6  ' 
i 

2 

26 
27 
26 
26 
26 
26 
26 

2,335 
3,218 
2,892 
204 
255 
1,425 
2,522 

302 
328 
343 
115 
124 
269 
103 

Total... 

64 

44 

104 

28 

60 

10 

310 

1,409 

203 

1916 
Jan  
Feb  
March  
April  
May  
June  
July  
Aug  
Sept  
Oct  
Nov.... 
Dec  

0 
7 
10 
11 
3 
0 
0 
0 
5 
6 
21 
3 

0 
2 
5 
1 
5 
0 

10 
16 

7 

0 
5 
4 
11 
18 
14 
14 
11 
4 
4 
2 
9 

1 
1 
1 
0 
0 
5 
•   3 
3 
4 
0 
0 
3 

16 
8 
5 
2 
1 
4 
1 
2 
2 
0 
0 
2 

9 
1 
2 
0 
0 
3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

26 
24 
27 
25 
27 
26 
25 
24 
25 
26 
25 
24 

6,808 
1,473 
1,190 
376 
299 
2,134 
388 
488 
392 
1,000 
36 
393 

427 
165 
260 
106 
140 
433 
186 
233 
231 
141 
82 
659 

Total..  . 

66 

63 

96 

21 

43 

15 

304 

1,173 

255 

1917 
Jan 

1 

7 

18 

\ 
26 

17,577 

3,608 

Feb. 

3 

1 

8 

12 

24 

12,800 

3,020 

March.... 
April.. 

3 
1 

4 
5 

5 

7 



15 
12 

27 
25 

15,756 
12,300 

3,600 
1,910 

May 

2 

3 

11 

10 

26 

14,665 

2,705 

June  .... 

5 

4 

16 

1 

26 

1,015 

2,721 

July 

5 

4 

15 

25 

1,000 

1,076 

5 

15 

7 

27 

315 

176 

Sept. 

1 

10 

12 

j 

24 

960 

564 

Oct... 

6 

13 

7 

I 

27 

678 

1,555 

Nov 

7 

10 

7 

2 

26 

1,077 

1,292 

Dec 

5 

8 

11 

1 

25 

872 

728 

Total..  . 

44 

77 

113 

74 

308 

6,584 

1,913 

1918. 
Jan  
Feb 

7 
5 

17 
6 

3 
13 

27 
24 

4,948 
11  900 

1,581 
9,795 

March 

8 

18 

26 

23  400 

4  759 

April  
May  
June  
July 

2 

""i"" 

1 

5 
9 
1 

8 

7 
12 
10 
13 

5 
3 
9 
3 

4 
1 
2 
1 

3 

26 
26 
25  , 
26 

1,822 
636 
639 
354 

*927 
356 
366 
293 

Aug  
Sept  
Oct  
Nov 

1 
1 
14 

3 
4 
4 
6 

19 
8 
5 
11 

4 

6 
3 

2 

"Y" 
i 

6 

'"a*" 

27 
25 
27 
25 

354 
1,494 
321 
662 

437 
878 
469 
452 

Dec  

2 

3 

3 

8 

9 

25 

5,135 

3,022 

Total... 

24 

55 

88 

66 

26 

50 

309 

4,305 

1,946 

57 


H. \CII.I. IS  Cn|. I  COMMIMS 

Number  of  days  on  which  there  occurred  various  numbers  per  100  C.  C. 
HAW  WATEK— Cont. 


Date 

50 

51-100 

101-500 

501- 
1,000 

1,001- 
5,000 

Over 
5,000 

Total 
Test 

Day.-, 

Average 
B.  Coli 
per  100  c.  0. 

Bacteria 
per  c.  c. 
37° 

1919. 
Jan  
P'eb 

5 

1 
2 

7 
13 

I 

I 

7 

26 

"\ 

2,857 
323 

1,385 
325 

March..!! 

April  
May  
June  
July 

3 
....... 

3 

4 

8 
1 

6 

1 
8 

]_' 
8 
16 

2 
8 

8 
1 

10 
2 
6 
5 

6 
2 
3 
1 

25 

26 

25 

26 

4,916 
2,738 
1,800 
1,112 
221 

2,805 

1,180 
1,493 
382 

Aug  

Sept 

1 
3 

6 

7 

18 

11 

3 

1 
2 

26 
26 

303 
425 

590 
520 

Oct  
Nov 

2 

2 

3 

13 
1 

3 
6 

4 

8 

2 
8 

27 

2,3:i3 
13  628 

792 

1  032 

Dec  

2 

1 

3 

1 

15 

4 

26 

4,085 

575 

Total.  .  . 

24 

39 

111 

36 

62 

33 

305 

2,895 

981 

BACILLUS  COLI  COMMUMS 

Number  of  days  on  which  there  occurred  various  numbers  per  100  c.  c. 
SETTLED  WATER 


Date 

10 

11-50 

51-100 

101- 
500 

501- 
1,000 

Over 
1,000 

Total 
Test 
Days 

A  verage 
B.  Coli. 
per  100  c.c. 

Bacteria 
per  c.  c. 
37° 

1915. 
Jan  
Feb 

2 
0 

0 

2 

4 
9 

11 
10 

5 
3 

2 

24 
24 

560 

284 

186 
130 

March 

22 

3 

25 

6 

26 

April  
Hay 

28 

17 

1 
5 

"   1 

3 

26 
26 

3 
38 

20 
34 

June.  .  . 
July  
Aug  
Sept 

6 
1 
5 

12 

3 
6 
3 
2 

8 
2 
10 
11 

6 
14 
6 
1 

3 
1 
2 

...... 

26 
27 
26 
26 

200 
503 
158 
58 

68 
80 
68 
40 

Oct  
Nov  
Dec  

14 
10 

4 
6 

7 
1 
2 

1 
4 
2 

"V" 
0 

'"2"' 

7 

26 
25 
11 

43 

317 
2,087 

42 
142 
160 

Total... 

114 

35 

55 

58 

16 

14 

292 

355 

83 

1916. 
Jan 

2 

13 

9 

2 

26 

585 

137 

Feb  
March.  .  .  . 
April  
May  
June.  .  . 
July  
Aug  
Sept  
Oct... 
Nov 
Dec  

2 
10 
14 
18 
8 
11 
17 
20 
22 
21 
6 

7 
10 
6 
9 
7 
2 
0 

3 
2 
5 

2 
0 
1 
0 
8 
1 
5 
3 
0 
0 
7 

4 
7 
i' 
0 
3 
1 
1 
0 
0 
0 
4 

1 
0 
2 
0 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
1 
0 
0 
0 

16 
.     27 
25 
27 
26 
25 
24 
25 
28 

22 

133 
73 
90 
11 
61 
207 
150 
•      15 
6 
44 
80 

43 
46 
59 
28 
68 
83 
185 
106 
50 
37 
195 

Total..  . 

149 

53 

37 

35 

13 

4 

291 

118 

86 

58 


BACILLUS  COLI  COMMUNIS 

Number  of  days  on  which  there  occurred  various  numbers  per  100  o.  c. 
SETTLED  WATER — Cont. 


Date 

10 

11-50 

51-100 

101- 
500^ 

501- 
1,000 

Over 
1,000 

Total 
Test 
Days 

Average 
B.  Coli 
per  lOOc.c. 

Bacteria 
per  c.  c. 
37° 

1917. 
Jan  
Feb 

1 

5 

3 
g 

13 
10 

10 
3 

27 
24 

7,530 
1  700 

1,160 
643 

March.  .  . 
\pril 

5 
9 

11 
9 

8 
6 

2 
1 

26 
25 

1,078 
678 

362 
274 

May  
June 

11 
10 

7 
13 

6 
3 

2 
0 

26 
26 

1,026 
168 

651 
203 

July  
August 

17 
25 

8 
2 

0 
0 

0 
0 

25 
27 

36 
13 

216 
263 

Sept 

14 

10 

o 

0 

24 

45 

220 

Oct 

21 

6 

0 

0 

27 

23 

247 

Nov... 

7 

4 

4 

0 

15 

294 

308 

Dec  

2 

5 

6 

0 

13 

500 

792 

Total  

127 

84 

56 

18 

285 

1,091 

443 

1918. 
Jan  
Feb  
March  .. 

3 
1 

5 

5 
9 

11 

7 
13 

1 
11 
4 

20 
24 
26 

1,071 
3,180 
1,680 

1,065 
1,212 
431 

&?  

6 
9 

7 
g 

4 
5 

6 
4 

1 

23 
25 

82 
104 

136 

78 

June  
July  

5 
13 

15 

10 

4 
3 

24 
26 

34 

21 

167 
164 

Aug  .   . 

15 

10 

25 

16 

727 

Sept 

9 

s 

7 

1 

25 

62 

319 

Oct  
Nov 

15 

6 

8 

4 
6 

1 
9 

27 
25 

52 
161 

121 

224 

Dec  

2 

3 

4 

5 

5 

6 

25 

1,296 

828 

Total..  . 

79 

73 

56 

25 

40 

22 

295 

647 

456 

1919. 
Jan  
Feb  
March.  .  .  . 
April  

4 
6 
10 

4 
14 
5 
9 

4 
3 
3 
4 

6 
3 
5 
3 

5 
'"5 

7 
....... 

26 
24 
25 
26 

1,002 
59 
316 
57 

587 
114 
256 
165 

May  
June 

3 

11 
10 

1 

6 

11 
4 

2 

25 
23 

233 

77 

173 
181 

July  
Aug  .... 

20 
23 

6 
3 



26 

26 

11 
10 

217 
556 

Sept  
Oct  .  .  . 

12 
8 

11 

8 

1 

4 

2 
6 

"  i 

26 

27 

40 
129 

217 
164 

Nov 

7 

4 

14 

25 

3  996 

508 

Dec  

1 

2 

11 

2 

10 

26 

854 

324 

Total..  . 

87 

81 

28 

58 

19 

32 

305 

565 

289 

59 


BACILLUS  OOL1  O>MMr.\l> 

Number  of  days  on  which  there  occurred  various  numbers  per  100  c.  c. 
FIIIERKD  WATEH 


Date 

0 

1-2 

3-5 

6-10 

11-25 

26-50 

Over 
50 

Total 
Test 
Days 

Average 
B.  Coli 
perlOOc.c. 

Bacteria 
per  c.  c. 
37° 

1915. 
Jan  
Feb  
March.... 
April  
May  
June 

0 
3 
22 
20 
10 
4 

2 

3 
6 
8 
9 

2 
3 
0 
0 
2 
0 

14 
4 
2 
0 
4 
1 

2 
0 
0 
0 
1 
0 

2 
5 
0 
0 
1 
1 

0 
7 
0 
0 
0 
10 

22 
24 
27 
26 
26 
25 

11 
37 
1 
0.35 
4 
113 

62 
26 
11 
9 
10 
18 

Julv  
Aug  
Sept  
Get  
Nov  
Dec  

0 
2 
1 
8 
2 
0 

2 
5 
15 
14 
9 
0 

2 
3 
3 
2 

7 

9 
16 
6 
2 
0 
10 

10 
0 

1 

0 
2 
5 

4 
0 
0 
0 
3 
3 

0 
0 
0 
0 
3 
7 

27 
26 
26 
26 
26 
26 

20 
6 
4.5 
2 
31 
95 

13  . 
22 
13 
9 
13 
23 

Total.  .  . 

72 

75 

25 

68 

21 

19 

27 

307 

27 

19 

1916. 
Jan 

0 

0 

0 

3 

5 

7 

11 

26 

93 

21 

Feb 

1 

2 

3 

16 

1 

1 

24 

g 

11 

March  .  .  . 
\pril 

10 
9 

6 
9 

3 
2 

6 

2 

2 

2 

0 

1 

27 
25 

4 
4 

13 
10 

May  
June 

13 
16 

9 
7 

4 
0 

1 
2 

0 
1 

0 
0 

27 
26 

1.4 
2 

10 
9 

July  
Aug 

7 
10 

9 
4 

3 

2 

4 
6 

1 
1 

1 

2 

25 
25 

6 
6.6 

24 
40 

Sept  
Oct.... 
Nov  
Dec  

11 
16 

u 

4 

6 
7 
6 
4 

2 
3 
3 
4 

6     ' 
0 
4 

7 

0 
0 
0 

2 

0 
0 
0 
3 

'"6 

i 

25 
26 
25 
25 

3 
15 

2.6 
12 

25 
13 
11 
29 

Total..  . 

109 

69 

29 

57 

15 

15 

12 

306 

12 

18 

1917. 

Jan  
Feb 

3 

2 

2 
6 

9 
9 

10 

7 

24 
24 

1,580 
332 

136 
102 

March.... 
\pril 

13 
13 

12 
9 

2 
2 

0 

o 

27 
24 

12 
12 

23 
10 

May  
June 

13 
16 

g 
g 

4 
2 

1 

26 
26 

56 
10 

34 

61 

July  
Aug 

12 
18 

11 
9 

2 
0 

25 

27 

12 
2  4 

107 
26 

Sent 

17 

7 

o 

24 

1  8 

30 

Oct 

17 

9 

1 

27 

5 

45 

Nov 

g 

14 

4 

26 

20 

23 

Dec 

5 

9 

4 

25 

192 

84 

Total. 

137 

104 

42 

22 

305 

186 

57 

1918. 
Jan 

5 

4 

IS 

27 

135 

158 

Feb  .     . 

7 

3 

14 

24 

135 

95 

March 

~ 

10 

9 

26 

108 

28 

April 

g 

g 

4 

7 

« 

26 

4 

10 

May- 

10 

7 

7 

2 

26 

2 

9 

June  " 

11 

g 

5 

j 

25 

2 

58 

July 

10 

5 

6 

21 

1 

118 

Aue 

g 

10 

7 

1 

27- 

2 

72 

Sept.... 
Oct 

16 

6 
g 

9 
2 

3 
1 

1 

4 

25 
27 

9 
1 

59 
11 

Nov.  . 

3 

2 

7 

6 

7 

25 

17 

28 

Dec  

2 

2 

3 

3 

9 

4 

25 

29 

33 

Total..  . 

90 

54 

42 

41 

12 

20 

45 

304 

38 

57 

60 


BACILLUS  COLI  COMMUNIS 

Number  of  days  on  which  there  occurred  various  numbers  per  100  c.  c. 
FILTERED  WATER — Cont. 


Date 

0 

1-2 

3-5 

6-10 

11-25 

26-50 

Over 
50 

Total 
Test 
Days 

Average 
B.Coli 
perlOOc.c. 

Bacteria 
per  c.  c. 
37° 

1919. 
Jan  
Feb  .  .  . 
March.... 
April  
May 

"3" 
3 
9 

7 

'"s" 

8 
8 
4 

'"*" 

4 
8 
6 

5 

4 
2 

4 

1 
1 

3 

4 

8 
...... 

1 

12 

"  i 

26 
24 
25 
26 
25 

127 
4 
11 
2.8 
5  6 

64* 
16 
18 
9 
16 

June  
July 

4 
15 

107 

1 
2 

4 
2 

3 

i 

23 
26 

9 
1 

57 
56 

Aug  

Sept. 

15 
4 

7 
8 

4 
6 

6 

"  i' 

'"i"' 

26 
26 

.8 
6 

81 
40 

Oct  

12 

8 

3 

4 

27 

2.1 

12 

Nov 

1 

2 

7 

9 

6 

25 

66 

19 

Dec  

1 

1 

2 

21 

26 

191 

37 

Total..  . 

74 

68 

42 

34 

21 

24 

42 

305 

35.5 

35 

BACILLUS  COLI  COMMUNIS 

Number  of  days  on  which  there  occurred  various  numbers  per  100  c.  c. 
FILTER  PLANT  EFFLUENT 


Date 

0 

1-2 

3-5 

6-10 

Over 
10 

Total 
Test 
Days 

B.  Coli 
per 
100  c.c. 

Bacteria 
per  c.  c. 
37° 

1915. 
Jan  
Feb  

11 
19 

10 
3 

2 
1 

........ 

23 
24 

1.2 
0.6 

19 
14 

March 

26 

1 

0 

27 

0  04 

8 

April  

23 

3 

26 

0.23 

5 

May 

21 

4 

1 

26 

0  4 

4 

June.  .  . 

17 

8 

1 

26 

0.7 

5 

July  
Aug 

10 
12 

7 
13 

1 
1 

4 

3 

25 
26 

5.0 
1  0 

6 
4 

Sept  
Oct. 

18 
12 

7 
10 

1 

2 

'"2 

26 
26 

0.6 

1  7 

5 

7 

Nov  
Dec  

15 

10 

9 
5 

2 
5 

'"4"' 

"Y" 

26 
26 

1.0 
4.5 

6 
11 

Total..  . 

194 

80 

17 

11 

5 

307 

1.4 

8 

1916 
Jan  
Feb  
March.  .  .  . 
April  
May  
June  
July.  ..... 
Aug  
Sept  
Oct  
Nov  
Dec  

16 
21 
26 
25 
22 
25 
21 
19 
26 
23 
24 
25 

5 
2 
1 
0 
5 
1 
3 
4 
0 
1 

1 

1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
2 
0 
0 

2 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

1 

2 
0 
0 
0 
0 

2 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

26 
24 
27 
25 
27 
26 
25 
25 
26 
26 
25 
26 

4.2 
1 
0.07 
0.0 
0.4 
0.08 
0.6 
0.9 
0.0 
0.4 
0.04 
0.04 

8 
4 
7 
4 
4 
4 
3 
5 
3 
5 
5 
11 

Total.  .  . 

273 

24 

3 

5 

3 

308 

0.64 

5 

(II 


BACILLUS  ('"I. I  cn.MMr.\i> 

Number  of  day*  on  which  there  occurred  various  number*  per  100  C. 

FlI.TKIt     1'l.AM     Km.rt\T— Cont. 


0 

1-2 

^ 
3-5 

6-10 

Over 

10 

Total 

H.  Coli 
per 
100  c.c. 

Bacteria 
per  e 
37° 

1917. 
Jan 

11 

10 

3 

| 

o 

27 

2 

•>\ 

Feb  
March... 
\pril 

19 

18 
21 

4 
6 
4 

2 

o 

0 

1 

o 

0 
0 

o 

24 

..-> 
.9 

25 
10 
5 

May  

June  
July  
Aug.    .. 
Sept  
Oct  
Nov.. 
Dec  

22 
21 
•2\ 
22 
20 
20 
18 
5 

4 
5 
4 
5 
3 
6 
8 
6 

0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
13 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

It 

26 
25 

28 
24 
27 
•27 
25 

1.5 
.3 

.3 
.25 
.4 
.6 
5. 

5 
4 
5 
4 
5 
5 
7 
29 

Total... 

218 

65 

11 

17 

0 

311 

1.01 

10 

1918 
Jan.   ..    . 

5 

5 

10 

27 

4 

35 

Feb 

10 

7 

3 

4 

24 

2 

22 

March 

16 

o 

4 

26 

1  l 

13 

April  
Mav 

10 
24 

12 
2 

4 

26 
26 

1  3 

6 
4 

June 

23 

2 

25 

.12 

8 

Julv 

28 

3 

26 

5 

\ug 

25 

25 

0 

8 

Sept 

19 

5 

1 

25 

3 

6 

Oct 

20 

7 

27 

3 

4 

Nov.  .  . 
Dec 

22 
19 

2 
4 

'"2 

1 

25 
25 

.4 
6 

7 
5 

Total 

216 

57 

19 

15 

307 

86 

10 

1919. 
Jan  
Feb 

19 
22 

7 
2 

26 
24 

.3 

11' 

7 
'.i 

March.  .  .  . 
\pril 

24 
26 

1 

25 
26 

.    .16 
0 

11 
5 

May  
June  
July  .. 

19 
17 
20 

6 
3 
6 

::::::: 

""i" 

25 
22 
26 

.3 

.7 
.3 

7 

Aug 

24 

2 

26 

8 

Sept 

20 

5 

l 

26 

.5 

7 

Oct  
X  en- 

16 
20 

9 
4 

2 

i 

27 
26 

.7 
.4 

',) 
4 

Dec  

18 

4 

2 

2 

26 

.9 

7 

Total  ... 

245 

49 

6 

4 

304 

.37 

7 

62 


BACILLUS  COLI  COMMUNIS 

Number  of  dayj  on  which  there  occurred  various  numbers  per  100  c.  c. 
TAP  WATER 


Date 

0 

1-2 

3-5 

6-10 

Over 
10 

Total 
Test 
Days 

B.  Coli 
per 
100  c.  c. 

Bacteria 
per  c.  c. 
37° 

1915. 
Jan 

14 

4 

1 

3 

22 

1  4 

25 

Feb  

17 

7 

24 

0  5 

14 

March 

26 

26 

0  0 

9 

April  
May  
June  
July  
Aug  
Sept  
Oct  
Nov 

24 
23 
14 
3 
1 
12 
3 
2 

2 
1 

6 
7 
6 

8 
18 
8 

'"3"' 
4 

6 
3 

1 

3 

8 
8 
2 
2 

7 

'"4"' 
4 

'"2"' 
4 

26 
25 
26 
26 
25 
25 
26 
26 

.12 
.32 
1.7 
7 
8 
1.9 
3.8 
6 

5 
5 
7 
10 
8 
6 
8 
9 

Dec  

6 

4 

3 

11 

2 

26 

7 

14 

Total.  .  . 

145 

71 

26 

45 

16 

303 

3.1 

10 

1916. 
Jan  
Feb 

6 
20 

9 
1 

2 

2 

8 
1 

1 

26 
24 

4.5 
0  7 

11 

(j 

March.  .  .  . 
April  
May  
June  
July  
Aug  
Sept  . 

24 
22 
7 
8 
11 
9 
13 

3 
2 

4 
7 
10 
5 
9 

0 
0 
2 
2 

\ 

0 
1 
6 
7 
3 
4 
0 

••y 

2 

'"2"' 

27 
25 
26 
26 
25 
24 
24 

0.2 
0.5 
11 
5 
2 
4.8 
1  i 

8 
6 
10 
29 
72 
22 
7 

Oct  
Nov 

19 
19 

6 
3 

0 
0 

26 
23 

0.6 

0  7 

7 
8 

Dec  

23 

2 

0 

0 

1 

25 

0.16 

15 

Total... 

181 

61 

16 

30 

13 

301 

2.6 

17 

1917. 
Jan  
Feb 

21 
21 

0 
2 

5 
1 

0 

o 

26 
24 

1.9 
75 

20 
20 

March  
April 

21 
18 

2 

4 

2 
0 

0 

o 

25 
22 

.7 
7 

8 
g 

May  

25 

0 

o 

26 

15 

6 

June  
July 

22 

1!) 

2 
2 

2 
4 

0 

o 

26 
25 

1.1 

3  4 

5 

10 

Aug  
Sept  

12 
12 

11 

7 

4 
5 

0 

o 

27 
24 

3.1 
3  2 

9 

7 

Oct.  .. 
Nov  
Dec  

11 
14 
15 

5 
3 
0 

5 
3 
0 

4 
1 
9 

0 
0 
0 

25 
21 
24 

3 
1.3 
4 

7 
12 
41 

Total.  .  . 

211 

-     8 

39 

37 

0 

295 

1.94 

13 

1918. 
Jan  
Feb  

17 
18 

8 
3 

1 
1 

26 
22 

7 
5 

41 
30 

March.... 
April  
May  
June  
July  
Aug 

22 
10 
12 
5 
11 
13 

1 

13 
11 
18 
10 
9 

"Y" 

1 
1 
1 
5 

3 
1 

""i" 

....... 

3 

26 
26 
24 
25 
26 
27 

1.2 
1.3 
.7 
2.4 
5 
1 

11 
12 
5 
11 
8 
14 

Sept... 

Oct  
Nov  
Dec  

4 

17 
19 
21 

6 
9 
4 
4 

9 
1 

i 
....... 

5 

25 
26 
25 
25 

9 
.4 
.7 
.2 

10 
5 
8 
5 

Total.  .  . 

169 

85 

20 

18 

11 

303 

2.9 

13 

BACILLI'S  Col.l  Co.M.Ml   M- 

Number  ill  days  on  whir'i  there  oerurred  various  numbers  per  101)  c.  c 
TAP  WATER— Cent. 


Date 

0 

1-2 

3-5 

6-10 

Over 
10 

Total 
Test 
Days 

B.Coli 
tOOe.e. 

Bacteria 
per  c.  c. 
37° 

1919. 
Jan 

16 

9 

25 

4 

9 

Feb 

22 

24 

08 

g 

March  ... 
April... 

20 

4 
4 

1 



25 
26 

.6 

2 

11 
6 

May.-- 

•2 

j 

25 

24 

5 

June 

16 

5 

1 

22 

5 

10 

July.  .  . 

4 

26 

2 

7 

AUK....    - 

21 

4 

1 

26 

3 

g 

>ept 

8 

13 

5 

25 

1 

g 

7 

14 

6 

27 

1  6 

4 

Nov  
Dec 

17 
18 

3 

g 

2 

1 



23 
26 

.8 
3 

4 
6 

Total.  . 

211 

71 

16 

2 

300 

.52 

7 

BACILLUS,  COLI  CU.MMUMS 

Five  Year  Totals 

Number  of  days  on  which  there  occurred  various  numbers  per  100  C.  C. 
RAW  WATER 


Date 

50 

51-100 

101-500 

501- 
1,000 

1,001- 
5,000 

Over 
5,000 

Total 
Test 
Days 

Average 
B.  Coli 
perlOOc.c. 

Bacteria  ' 
Pe-- 

1915 
1916 
1917 

64 
66 
44 

44 
63 

77 

104 
96 

28 
21 
113 

60 
43 

10 
15 
74 

310 
304 
308 

1,409 
1,173 
6  584 

203 
1  913 

1918 
1919 

24 

55 
39 

88 
111 

66 
36 

26 

62 

50 
33 

309 
305 

4,305 
2,895 

1,946    • 
981 

Total. 

222 
14  5 

278 
18  1 

399 
26  0 

264 
17  1 

191 
12  4 

182 
11  9 

1,536 

Average. 

44 

55 

100 

53 

48 

36 

307 

SETTLED  WATEK 


Date 

10 

11-50 

51-100 

101- 
500 

501- 
1,000 

Over 
1,000 

Total 
Test 
Days 

Average 
B.  Coli 
perlOOc.c. 

Bacteria 
per  c.  c. 
37° 

1915 
1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 

114 
149 
127 
79 

87 

35 
53 

'"73"" 
81 

55 
37 
84 
56 

28 

58 
35 

'"25" 
58 

16 
13 
56 
40 
19 

14 
4 
18 
22 
32 

292 
291 
285 
295 
305 

355 
118 
1,091 
647 
565 

83 
86 
443 
.    456 
289 

Total 

556 

242 

260 

176 

144 

90 

1  468 

% 

37  9 

16  5 

17  7 

12  0 

9  8 

6  1 

111 

60 

52 

44 

29 

18 

293 

64 


BACILLUS  COLI  COMMUNIS 

Five  Year  Totals 

Number  of  days  on  which  there  occurred  various  numbers  per  100  c.  c. 
FILTERED  WAIER 


Date 

0 

1-2 

3-5 

6-10 

11-25 

26-50 

Over 
50 

Total 
Test 
Days 

Average 
B.  Coli 
perlOOc.c. 

Bacteria 
per  c.  c. 
37° 

1915 
1916 
1917 

72 
109 
137 

75 
69 

25 
29 

68 
57 
104 

21 
15 

19 
15 
42 

27  • 
12 
22 

307 
306 
305 

27 
12 
186 

19 
18 
57 

1918 
1919 

90 
74 

54 

68 

42 
42 

41 

34 

12 

21 

20 
24 

45 

42 

304 
305 

38 
35.5 

57 
35 

Total. 

% 

482 
31  6 

266 
17  4 

138 
9  0 

304 

19.9 

69 
4.5 

120 

7.9 

148 
9.7 

1,527 

Average. 

96 

66 

34 

61 

17 

24 

29 

305 

FILIER  PLANT  EFFLUENT 


Date 

0 

1-2 

3-5 

6-10 

Over 
10 

Total 
Test 
Days 

Average 
B.  Coli 
per  100  c.c. 

Bacteria 
per  c.  c. 
37° 

1915 
1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 

194 
273 
218 
216 
245 

80 
24 
65 
57 
49 

17 
3 
11 
19 
6 

11 
5 
17 
15 
4 

5 
3 
0 
0 
0 

307 
308 
311 
307 
304 

1.4  ' 

0.64 
1.01 

0.86 
0.37 

8 
5 
29 
10 

7 

Total. 

1,146 
74  6 

275 
17  9 

56 
3  6 

52 
3  4 

8 
5 

1,537 

Average. 

229 

55 

11 

10 

1 

307 

TAP  WATEH 


Bate 

0 

1-2 

3-5 

6-1  J 

Over 
10 

Total 
Test 
Days 

Average 
B.  Coli 
perlOOc.c. 

Bacteria 
per  c.  c. 
37° 

1915 
1916 
1917 
191,8 
1919 

145 
181 
211 
169 
211 

71 
61 
8 
85 
71 

26 
16 
39 
20 
16 

45 
30 
37 
8 
2 

16 
13 
0 
11 
0 

303 
301 
295 
303 
300 

3.1 
2.6 
1.94 
2.9 
0.52 

10 
17 
13 
13 

7 

Total. 

917 

306 

117 

122 

40 

1  502 

%• 
Average. 

61.0 
183 

20.4 
63 

7.8 
23 

8.1 

24 

2.7 
8 

300 

65 

\\ATKR   WORKS  STATISTICS   FOR  THE  YEAR  1920. 
INDIANAPOLIS  \\ATKK  COMPANY,   INDIANAPOLIS.   INDIANA. 

Population  of  Indianapolis  January  1,  1920 314,194 

Total  estimated  population  supplied 252,000 

Date  of  original  construction,  1870. 

By  whom  owned,  Indianapolis  Water  Company. 

C.  H.  Geist,  President. 

C.  L.  Kirk,  Vice-President  and  General  Manager. 

F.  C.  Jordan,  Secretary. 

E.  C.  Leible,  Treasurer. 

Source  of  supply,  White  River  and  deep  wells. 

Emergency  supply  from  Fall  Creek. 

Water  flows  from  White  River  near  Broad  Ripple,  a  town 
about  eight  miles  north  of  the  center  of  the  city  of  Indianapo- 
lis, through  a  canal  owned  by  the  Water  Company  to  the  Filter 
Plant,  where  it  flows  through  a  Sedimentation  Basin  and 
thence  through  six  slow  sand  filters.  The  slow  sand  filters 
have  a  daily  capacity  of  36  million  gallons,  the  average  daily 
yield  for  1920  being  24.7  million  gallons.  The  filtered  water 
after  being  chlorinated  flows  to  the  pump  well  at  the  main 
station  of  the  Indianapolis  Water  Company,  known  as  the 
Riverside  Station,  and  to  a  reservoir  at  this  station  having 
a  capacity  of  5V&  million  gallons.  From  the  reservoir  water 
flows  by  gravity  to  another  station  known  as  the  Washing- 
ton Station,  where  all  the  pumping  is  done  by  hydraulic 
power  furnished  by  the  Canal.  The  flow  from  Broad  Ripple  to 
and  through  the  Filter  Plant,  thence  to  the  reservoir  at  the 
Riverside  Station  and  to  the  Washington  Station  is  entirely 
by  gravity. 

The  Filter  Plant  is  located  near  Fall  Creek  and  the  pump- 
ing station  at  the  Filter  Plant  is  provided  with  low  lift  pumps 
in  order  to  obtain  an  emergency  supply  from  Fall  Creek 
in  the  event  of  any  interruption  of  the  flow  of  the  water 
through  the  Canal  caused  by  a  break  or  on  account  of  im- 
provements which  are  made  along  the  Canal  necessitating  such 
interruption. 

At  the  Riverside  Station  there  are  43  deep  wells  with  a 
capacity  of  from  18  to  22  million  gallons  daily;  18  of  these 
wells  are  operated  by  air  pressure  from  the  central  pumping 
station.  The  others  are  provided  with  electrically  driven 
centrifugal  pumps. 


66 

The  eastern  portion  of  the  city,  which  is  approximately 
100  feet  higher  in  elevation  than  the  main  part  of  the  city,  is 
supplied  from  the  Fall  Creek  Station,  which  obtains  its  supply 
from  12  deep  wells  with  a  capacity  of  6,200,000  gallons  daily. 

In  addition  to  the  two  main  sources  of  supply  the  Water 
Company  owns  a  small  -station  near  Broad  Ripple  with  a  capac- 
ity of  one  million  gallons.  The  supply  is  obtained  from  a  deep 
well. 

All  wells  are  from  330  to  350  feet  deep  and  have  been 
drilled  through  rock.  The  well  supply  is  practically  sterile. 

The  Water  Company  maintains  a  well-equipped  laboratory 
at  the  filter  plant  for  the  chemical  and  bacteriological  exam- 
ination of  water.  Samples  are  collected  daily  from  all  parts  of 
the  purification,  pumping  and  distribution  systems,  and  deter- 
minations made  for  the  total  number  of  bacteria  and  B.  Coli  in 
each  sample.  About  twenty  thousand  bacterial  counts  and  fifty 
thousand  B.  Coli  estimations  are  made  yearly. 

(1)   Pumping: 

Riverside  Station 

Capacity 
One  Hamilton  Rarig  Vertical  Triple  Expansion  High  Duty 

Pumping  Engine 30      m.  g.  d. 

One  Snow  Vertical  Triple  Expansion  High  Duty  Pumping 

Engine  20      m.  g.  d. 

One  DeLaval  Steam  Turbine  Driven  Centrifugal  Pump ...  30  m.  g.  d. 
One  DeLaval  Steam  Turbine  Driven  Centrifugal  Pump. . .  T1/^  m.  g.  d. 
One  DeLaval  Steam  Turbine  Driven  Centriugal  Pump...  6  m.  g.  d. 


Total  capacity  at  the  Riverside  Station  for  fire  service     93  MJ  m.  g.  d. 
For  domestic  service  the  capacity  is  over  100  m.  g.  d. 

.Fall  Creek  Station 

One  Allis-Chalmers  Horizontal  Cross  Compound  Pumping 

Engine  6      m.  g.  d. 

One  DeLaval  Steam  Turbine  Driven  Centrifugal  Pump ...       6      m.  g.  d. 


Total 12      m.  g.  d. 

Washington  Street  Station 

Three    Water    Turbines    operating    DeLaval    Centrifugal 

Multi-Stage  Pumps,  with  a  capacity  of 14%  m.  g.  d. 

Broad  Ripple  Station 
One  DeLaval  Centrifugal  Pump 1      m.  g.  d. 

Supplementary   pumping   is   done   for   the   Fall    Creek    Station   by 
Booster  Pumps  at  two  stations,  with  a  capacity  of  6  m.  g.  at  one  sta- 


67 

tion  and  12  m.  g.  at  the  other.     These  pumps  are  DeLaval  Centrifugal 
Pumps,  electrically  driven. 

(2)      1>  u  of  Coal  Used: 

Indiana  Coal — Mine  Run  and  Screenings. 

The  Riverside  Station  is  provided  with  coal  crushing  machinery. 

Percentage  of  Ash  varies  from  10  to  20 

Coal  consumed  during  year  1920,  approximately  15,000  tons. 

Total  Pumpage  for  the  year  1920,  11,037,902,000  gallons. 

Total  fixed  capital,  or  value  of  property  and  plants,  as 
shown  by  books  of  the  Indianapolis  Water  Company 
as  of  December,  1920 $11,694,476.56 

Capitalization — 
Funded  debt: 

General  Mortgage  5%  Bonds $2,359,000 

First  and  Refunding  4Ms%  Bonds 3,711,000 


Total   funded   debt $6,070,000.00 

Capital  Stock  common $5,000,000 

Capital   Stock  preferred  lf. .'< 295,000 


Total  Capital  Stock 5,295,000.00 


Total  Capitalization $11,365,000.00 

Consumption — 1920 

1.  Estimated  total  population  of  district  at  date,  314,914. 

2.  Estimated  total  population  supplied  by  the  Indianapolis  Water 
Company,  252,000. 

3.  Total  number  of  gallons  consumed  for  year,  11,037,902,000. 

4.  Percentage  of  consumption  metered  (estimated),  54' 

0.  Average  daily  consumption  in  gallons,  30,159,000. 

6.  Gallons  per  day  to  each  inhabitant,  87. 

7.  Gallons  per  day  to  each  consumer,  120. 

8.  Gallons  per  day  to  each  tap,  653. 

Distribution 

1.  Kind  of  pipe  used,  cast  iron. 

2.  Sizes,  4-inch  to  40-inch. 

(All  new  mains  arc  6-inch  in  diameter  or  larger.) 

3.  Extensions  made  in  1920,  60,000  feet. 

4.  Discontinued,  none. 

5.  Total  now  in  use,  450  miles. 

9.  Fire  hydrants  added  in  1920,  87. 

10.  Number  of  public  hydrants  now  in  use,  3,763. 

11.  Gate  valves  added  in  1920,  92. 

12.  Number  now  in  use,  3,689. 

15.     Range  of  pressure  on  mains  at  center  of  city — 
Domestic  service,  45  to  50  Ibs. 
Fire  pressure  service,  85  to  95  Ibs. 


68 

Services 

16.  Kind  of  pipe — 

Lead,  %-inch  to  1%-inch. 

Byers  W.  I.  pipe,  1^-inch  to  3-inch. 

Cast  iron,  3-inch  to  8-inch. 

17.  Sizes,  %-inch  to  8-inch. 

21.  Services  added  in  1920,  1,933. 

22.  Number  of  services  now  in  use,  46,165. 

25.  Meters  added  in  1920,  466. 

26.  Meters  now  in  use,  6,325. 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WFLL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.OO  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


IN  STACKS 


LD  21-100m-7,'33 


Gaylord  Bros. 

Makers 

Syracuse.  N.  Y. 
PAT.  JAN.  21,  1908 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CAL.FORNIA  LIBRARY 


P":^S 


